International
Tables for
Crystallography
Volume D
Physical properties of crystals
Edited by A. Authier

International Tables for Crystallography (2013). Vol. D, ch. 1.7, pp. 205-206

## Section 1.7.3.3.2.2. Non-resonant SHG with undepleted pump and transverse and longitudinal Gaussian beams

B. Boulangera* and J. Zyssb

aInstitut Néel CNRS Université Joseph Fourier, 25 rue des Martyrs, BP 166, 38042 Grenoble Cedex 9, France, and bLaboratoire de Photonique Quantique et Moléculaire, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Cachan, 61 Avenue du Président Wilson, 94235 Cachan, France
Correspondence e-mail:  benoit.boulanger@grenoble.cnrs.fr

#### 1.7.3.3.2.2. Non-resonant SHG with undepleted pump and transverse and longitudinal Gaussian beams

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We now consider the general situation where the crystal length can be larger than the Rayleigh length.

The Gaussian electric field amplitudes of the two eigen electric field vectors inside the nonlinear crystal are given bywith for E+ and for E.

() is the wave frame defined in Fig. 1.7.3.1. is the scalar complex amplitude at in the vibration planes .

We consider the refracted waves E+ and E to have the same longitudinal profile inside the crystal. Then the beam radius is given by , where wo is the minimum beam radius located at and , with ; zR is the Rayleigh length, the length over which the beam radius remains essentially collimated; are the wavevectors at the wavelength λ in the direction of propagation Z. The far-field half divergence angle is .

The coordinate systems of (1.7.3.22) are identical to those of the parallel-beam limit defined in (iii).

In these conditions and by assuming the undepleted pump approximation, the integration of (1.7.3.22) over () leads to the following expression of the power conversion efficiency (Zondy, 1991):within the same units as equation (1.7.3.42).

For type I, , , and for type II , .

The attenuation coefficient is writtenwithwhere f gives the position of the beam waist inside the crystal: at the entrance and at the exit surface. The definition and approximations relative to ρ are the same as those discussed for the parallel-beam limit. Δk is the mismatch parameter, which takes into account first a possible shift of the pump beam direction from the collinear phase-matching direction and secondly the distribution of mismatch, including collinear and non-collinear interactions, due to the divergence of the beam, even if the beam axis is phase-matched.

The computation of allows an optimization of the SHG conversion efficiency which takes into account , the waist location f inside the crystal and the phase mismatch Δk.

Fig. 1.7.3.12 shows the calculated waist location which allows an optimal SHG conversion efficiency for types I and II with optimum phase matching. From Fig. 1.7.3.12, it appears that the optimum waist location for type I, which leads to an optimum conversion efficiency, is exactly at the centre of the crystal, . For type II, the focusing () is stronger and the walk-off angle is larger, and the optimum waist location is nearer the entrance of the crystal. These facts can be physically understood: for type I, there is no walk-off for the fundamental beam, so the whole crystal length is efficient and the symmetrical configuration is obviously the best one; for type II, the two fundamental rays can be completely separated in the waist area, which has the strongest intensity, when the waist location is far from the entrance face; for a waist location nearer the entrance, the waist area can be selected and the enlargement of the beams from this area allows a spatial overlap up to the exit face, which leads to a higher conversion efficiency.

 Figure 1.7.3.12 | top | pdf |Position fopt of the beam waist for different values of walk-off angles and , leading to an optimum SHG conversion efficiency. The value corresponds to the middle of the crystal and corresponds to the entrance surface (Fève & Zondy, 1996).

The divergence of the pump beam imposes non-collinear interactions such that it could be necessary to shift the direction of propagation of the beam from the collinear phase-matching direction in order to optimize the conversion efficiency. This leads to the definition of an optimum phase-mismatch parameter () for a given and a fixed position of the beam waist f inside the crystal.

The function , written , is plotted in Fig. 1.7.3.13 as a function of for different values of the walk-off parameter, defined as B = , at the optimal waist location and phase mismatch.

 Figure 1.7.3.13 | top | pdf |Optimum walk-off function as a function of for various values of . The curve at is the same for both type-I and type-II phase matching. The full lines at are for type II and the dashed line at is for type I. (From Zondy, 1990).

Consider first the case of angular NCPM () where type-I and -II conversion efficiencies obviously have the same evolutions. An optimum focusing at exists which defines the optimum focusing for a given crystal length or the optimal length for a given focusing. The conversion efficiency decreases for because the increase of the `average' beam radius over the crystal length due to the strong focusing becomes more significant than the increased peak power in the waist area.

In the case of angular CPM (), the variation of type-I conversion efficiency is different from that of type II. For type I, as B increases, the efficiency curves keep the same shape, with their maxima abscissa shifting from () to 2.98 () as the corresponding amplitudes decrease. For type II, an optimum focusing becomes less and less appearent, while shifts to much smaller values than for type I for the same variation of B; the decrease of the maximum amplitude is stronger in the case of type II. The calculation of the conversion efficiency as a function of the crystal length L at a fixed shows a saturation for type II, in contrast to type I. The saturation occurs at with a corresponding focusing parameter , which is the limit of validity of the parallel-beam approximation. These results show that weak focusing is suitable for type II, whereas type I allows higher focusing.

The curves of Fig. 1.7.3.14 give a clear illustration of the walk-off effect in several usual situations of crystal length, walk-off angle and Gaussian laser beam. The SHG conversion efficiency is calculated from formula (1.7.3.56) and from the function (1.7.3.57) at fopt and Δkopt.

 Figure 1.7.3.14 | top | pdf |Type-I and -II conversion efficiencies calculated as a function of for different typical walk-off angles ρ: (a) and (c) correspond to a fixed focusing condition (wo = 30 µm); the curves (b) and (d) are plotted for a constant crystal length (L = 5 mm); all the calculations are performed with the same effective coefficient (deff = 1 pm V−1), refractive indices () and fundamental power [Pω(0 = 1 W]. B is the walk-off parameter defined in the text (Fève & Zondy, 1996).

### References

Zondy, J. J. (1991). Comparative theory of walkoff-limited type II versus type-I second harmonic generation with Gaussian beams. Optics Comm. 81(6), 427–440.